WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism
------An Analysis of the DSU in Positivism
by
Chengwei, Liu
Foreword
This book is a systematically selected compilation of Reports issued by various panels and the standing Appellate Body, then adopted by the DSB under the WTO jurisdiction by the end of May 2002, in category of subjects such as causes of action, initiation of panel proceedings, function of panels, rules of evidence and special rules governing anti-dumping disputes, etc., which are in most cases ruled as “preliminary issues” or “procedural objections”. However, this book is not intended to be exhaustive. It deals only with issues in dispute settlement proceedings under the WTO jurisprudence that the author considers the more important, where such rules are mainly concerned as Art. XXIII of the GATT 1994; Arts. 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 21.5, 23, 26 of the DSU; Arts. 17.4, 17.5, 17.6 of the AD Agreement and Arts. 31, 32 of the Vienna Convention and so on.
Moreover, this book is intended to be descriptive and positive rather than prescriptive and theoretical. Most of the author’s analysis benefits much from the precise and logically organized reports by panels and the Appellate Body, administered by the DSB under the WTO jurisdiction. It must be made clear that these reports do not constitute binding “subsequent practice” referred to in Article 31 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, nor do they operate as stare decisis, panels and the Appellate Body are therefore not bound by past reports. Nevertheless, it does be the case demonstrated by the DSB practice that, relevant reasoning in a particular case has been cited or followed frequently by another panel or confirmed by the Appellate Body in subsequent cases.
As ruled by the Appellate Body in Japan-Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages (DS44), “[a]dopted panel reports are an important part of the GATT acquis. They are often considered by subsequent panels. They create legitimate expectations among WTO Members, and, therefore, should be taken into account where they are relevant to any dispute”. Furthermore, a panel could nevertheless find useful guidance in the reasoning of an unadopted panel report when it considers relevant. More importantly, as stated in the letter with which the Appellate Body conveyed in the February of 1996 its Working Procedures for Appellate Review to the DSB for information, “… it is also important to ensure consistency and coherence in our decision-making, which is to the advantage of every WTO Member and the overall multilateral trading system we all share”.
There is no doubt that, in line with the pragmatic evolution of the GATT dispute settlement system, the progressive clarification of a number of issues that are not precisely regulated in the DSU and the further development of the WTO dispute settlement procedures, will gradually evolve after having been tested and progressively clarified and improved in concrete dispute settlement cases.
Considering all of this, the author complete this book with serious-minded exploring examination and great diligence, bearing in mind that it is therefore practical and of great significance for WTO Members to be informed of the valuable rulings in those reports issued by panels and the Appellate Body in particular cases.
List of Abbreviations
ATC Agreement on Textile and Clothing
BISD Basic Instruments and Selected Documents (published by GATT)
DSU Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing
the Settlement of Disputes
DSB Dispute Settlement Body
EC The European Communities
GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
IMF International Monetary Fund
PGE Permanent Group of Experts (in the SCM Agreement)
SCM Subsidies and Countervailing Measures
SG Agreement on Safeguards
SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
TBT Technical Barriers to Trade
TMB Textiles Monitoring Body
TRIMS Trade-related Investment Measures
TRIPS Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
TSB Textiles Surveillance Body
WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization
WTO World Trade Organization
Table of Contents
Chapter I Trend towards “Judicialization”:
A Rule-oriented Dispute Settlement System
Chapter II Causes of Action before the DSB:
Art. XXIII of the GATT 1994
Section One Right to Pursue a Proceeding under the WTO
I The Concept of Nullification or Impairment
II The Standing Issue before the DSB
黑龙江省劳动模范管理暂行办法
黑龙江省人民政府
黑龙江省劳动模范管理暂行办法
黑龙江省人民政府
为加强劳动模范管理，充分发挥劳动模范作用，推动全省“两个文明”建设，特制定本暂行办法。
一、劳动者荣誉称号
省内劳动模范荣誉称号分为以下几种：
（一）省特等劳动模范；
（二）省劳动模范；
（三）市（县）劳动模范；
（四）省级战线劳动模范。
二、授予办法
对劳动模范荣誉称号实行分级授予的原则。
（一）省特等劳动模范荣誉称号，根据《黑龙江省人民代表大会常务委员会关于授予荣誉称号的决定》，由省政府、省法院、省人民检察院，提请省人民代表大会常务委员会授予。
（二）省劳动模范荣誉称号，由省人民政府授予。
（三）市、县劳动模范荣誉称号，分别由市、县人民政府授予。
（四）省级战线劳动模范荣誉称号，由省直各部门授予。按省辖市级劳动模范管理。
（五）各市、县直属局和基层企业单位，可对先进人物授予先进生产（工作）者或先进生产（工作）者标兵荣誉称号。
三、命名表彰
劳动模范命名和授予先进生产者或先进生产者标兵称号，采取分届定期和随时召开命名表彰会相结合的办法。
（一）各基层企、事业单位每年召开一次表彰会。
（二）县、市和省直各厅、局一般二至三年召开一届命名表彰会。
（三）全省一般五年召开一届劳模大会。在此期间，可根据需要，随时召开小型劳模命名表彰会或单独命名表彰。
四、评选标准
劳动模范评选基本标准是，本人在社会主义精神文明建设和物质文明建设中有显著贡献。
（一）被评选对象必须是坚持四项基本原则，为四化建设而进行创造性的劳动和改革创新，对促进经济和社会发展贡献大的先进人物。
（二）他们必须是坚决执行党的路线、方针和政策的模范；具有高尚职业道德和精神文明风貌的模范；勤奋学习政治理论、科学文化、业务技术、经营管理知识，努力掌握现代化建设本领的模范；实事求是，联系群众，勇于批评与自我批评，同各种不良倾向作斗争的模范。
省特等劳动模范是省内最高的荣誉称号，能够获得这种称号的只是少数有特殊贡献的人，其具体条件省人大常委会将另行公布。
五、评比方法
劳动模范的评比选树要严格按评选标准、评选程序进行。
（一）在评选工作中，要实行领导和群众相结合的方法，充分发扬民主，走群众路线，自下而上层层选拔，优中选优，对领导干部的推荐必须经企业职工代表大会或职工群众讨论通过。名额要少，质量要高，不能勉强凑数，不许领导者个别圈定。
（二）保证劳动模范队伍的先进性，改变在评选中按职工人数的比例，平均分配名额的作法，坚持按标准讲贡献的评选原则，使当选的劳动模范真正为广大职工所公认和拥护。
（三）要重视在青年职工中选树劳动模范。重视知识、尊重人才，使先进模范人物由体力型向智力型、“老黄牛”型与开拓型相结合方面转变。
六、劳动模范事迹的宣传
对劳动模范的先进事迹要大力进行宣传。各级报刊、广播、电视、戏剧、出版等单位，工会、妇联、共青团等群众团体要采取多种形式，大张旗鼓地宣传劳动模范的先进思想、先进事迹和高尚情操，使之成为激励广大群众奋发进取的强大动力。
七、劳动模范的奖励
对先进模范人物的奖励，实行荣誉鼓励和物质奖励相结合的原则。
（一）被评为省特等劳动模范的，除授予荣誉称号和一定的物质奖励外，均晋升一级工资。
（二）对评为劳动模范的，除分别授予荣誉称号外，给予一次性物质奖励。奖励标准，按省财政部门有关规定结合本地实际情况执行，但要防止重复奖励。
（三）凡被评为劳动模范的，在工资晋级、住房分配和享受集体福利待遇等方面，在同等条件下应优先于其他人员。
八、发挥劳动模范作用
（一）各地、各部门、各单位、各群团组织要加强对劳动模范的培养教育工作，支持他们大胆改革，发挥聪明才智。
（二）经常向劳动模范讲形势，交任务，提要求，指方向，使他们有明确的奋斗目标。
（三）定期召开劳动模范座谈会，听取他们对本单位、本地区经济和社会发展的意见。对涉及全局性的重大建议，要及时报送上级有关部门。
（四）对歧视、压制、打击劳动模范的现象，要坚决斗争，严肃处理。
九、劳动模范待遇
（一）对市县以上劳动模范，每年进行一次身体检查。身体检查、日常看病和劳动模范到外地疗养所需的各项费用，按规定报销。
（二）对省级以上劳动模范可根据本人家庭人口，按照本企业（单位）领导分房标准分配住房。一般不少于本人十五平方米、同住家属每人五平方米的标准。省级以下先进人物可根据本单位住房条件优先给予解决。
（三）对省级以上劳动模范优先安排一名子女就业。
（四）对不实行休假制度的省级劳动模范，可在当届内（从全省第六届职工劳模大会后开始执行），每年享受半个月的休假待遇，工资照发。
（五）省以上劳动模范退休后，可按国家规定，经过批准享受特殊贡献待遇。获全国劳动模范荣誉称号者，退休时仍保持其荣誉的，其退休费可提高百分之十至十五；获省或国务院各部授予的劳动模范称号者，退休时仍保持其荣誉的，其退休费可提高百分之五至十。但提高标准后的退
休费，不得超过本人原标准工资。其中获得省特等劳动模范称号，如其退休费按提高百分之五至十计算，仍低于本人原标准工资的，可发给原标准工资。
十、劳动模范的分级管理
劳动模范管理工作要坚持分级管理的原则。
（一）省级以上劳动模范由省总工会负责；市级劳动模范由各市总工会负责；省战线一级劳动模范由省直各产业工会或行政有关部门负责；县级劳动模范由各县总工会负责。
（二）各级工会组织要掌握本单位、本地区劳动模范的基本情况，定期进行考核，对劳动模范的重大情况变化，要及时向当地人民政府和上级工会报告。
（三）凡是伪造劳动模范事迹或因犯罪受刑事处分及因犯严重错误受到开除、留用察看处分者，应撤销其劳动模范荣誉称号。撤销劳动模范荣誉称号的权限，按评选劳动模范的审批程序，那一级命名的由那一级撤销。
（四）各级工会组织要负责劳动模范的评选表彰和日常管理工作。要建立健全劳动模范档案，并设专人负责或指定人员兼管劳动模范工作，不断提高管理水平。
十一、本办法自一九八六年五月起执行。
1986年5月14日
